arliss_obsidian/fp/Language/Expressions/case .. of.md

Pattern matching

```haskell
case <expr> of
  <arm>+
```

where `arm` is:
```haskell
<pattern> -> <expr>
```

`pattern` can be:
- [[Data Structures/data|data]] constructors
- [[Records|record]] literals, containing patterns
- integer & number literals
- string literals
- array literals, containing patterns
- wildcard `_`

### Guard Clauses
Case arms can have [[Functions/Defining/Guard Clause|guard clauses]] like [[Functions|function]] definitions:

```haskell
case _ of
  "" -> Nothing
  s | String.Util.startsWith "/" -> Just s
    | otherwise -> Nothing
```

### Examples

Match on `Int` when zero
```haskell
nonzeroInt :: Int -> Maybe Int
nonzeroInt n =
  case n of
    0 -> Nothing
    n' -> Just n'
```

Match on [[Arity|nullary]] [[Data Structures/data|data]] constructors:
```haskell
data Letter = A | B | C

letterToString :: Letter -> String
letterToString l =
  case l of
    A -> "a"
    B -> "b"
    C -> "c"
```

Match on [[Arity|unary]] [[Data Structures/data|data]] constructors:
```haskell
isJust :: forall a. Maybe a -> Boolean
isJust m =
  case m of
    Just a -> true
    Nothing -> false
```

Match on [[Arity|binary+]] [[Data Structures/data|data]] constructors:
```haskell
data ComplexDataType = Complex Int Int String String

complex :: ComplexDataType -> String
complex m =
  case m of
    Complex a b c d -> (show a) <> (show b) <> c <> d
```

Match on a record field that is `Maybe`, continuing if the field is `Just`
```haskell
unMaybeFirstName :: {firstName :: Maybe String} -> Maybe {firstName :: String}
unMaybeFirstName r =
  case r of
    {firstName: Just fn} -> Just {firstName: fn}
    _ -> Nothing
```

Match on an array of `a` into [[Either|either]]:
 - [[Maybe|zero or one]] `a`
 - an [[Array]] of 2 or more `a`s
```haskell
zeroOneOrMore ::
  forall a
   . Array a
  -> Either (Maybe a) (Array a)
zeroOneOrMore a =
  case a of
    [] -> Left Nothing
    [a] -> Left (Just a)
    _ -> Right a
```

Deserialize strings literals into a [[Data Structures/data|data structure]]
```haskell
data Animal = Dog | Cat | Giraffe

animalFromString :: String -> Maybe Animal
animalFromString s =
  case s of
    "dog" -> Just Dog
    "cat" -> Just Cat
    "giraffe" -> Just Giraffe
    _ -> Nothing
```