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<p><a href="https://w3c.github.io/webdriver-bidi/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">WebDriver BiDi</a> is a new cross-browser
automation protocol currently under development, aiming to combine the best of both WebDriver “Classic” and CDP. WebDriver BiDi promises bi-directional communication, making it fast by default, and it comes packed with low-level control.</p>
<p>See also:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.chrome.com/articles/webdriver-bidi/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">WebDriver BiDi - The future of cross-browser automation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://developer.chrome.com/blog/webdriver-bidi-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">WebDriver BiDi: 2023 status update</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_FNw8" id="automate-with-chrome-and-firefox">Automate with Chrome and Firefox<a href="#automate-with-chrome-and-firefox" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Automate with Chrome and Firefox" title="Direct link to Automate with Chrome and Firefox"></a></h2>
<p>Puppeteer supports WebDriver BiDi automation with Chrome and Firefox.</p>
<p>Firefox integration is nearing feature parity with its previous CDP-based approach. Learn more in the <a href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/2023/12/puppeteer-webdriver-bidi/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">dedicated announcement</a>.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_FNw8" id="measuring-progress">Measuring progress<a href="#measuring-progress" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Measuring progress" title="Direct link to Measuring progress"></a></h2>
<p>To gauge the capabilities of WebDriver BiDi, we utilized the comprehensive <a href="https://puppeteer.github.io/ispuppeteerwebdriverbidiready/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Puppeteer test suite</a></p>
<ul>
<li>For Firefox, there are currently under <a href="https://puppeteer.github.io/ispuppeteerwebdriverbidiready/firefox-delta.json" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">30</a> failing tests compared to the CDP implementation, while over <a href="https://puppeteer.github.io/ispuppeteerwebdriverbidiready/firefox-delta.json" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">140</a> new tests successfully utilize WebDriver BiDi, demonstrating its growing potential.</li>
<li>For Chrome, around 85% of tests pass with WebDriver BiDi, indicating room for improvement compared to the CDP-based approach.</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_FNw8" id="get-started">Get started<a href="#get-started" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Get started" title="Direct link to Get started"></a></h2>
<p>Below is an example of launching Firefox or Chrome with WebDriver BiDi:</p>
<div class="language-ts codeBlockContainer_aalF theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_MHx8"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-ts codeBlock_zHgq thin-scrollbar" style="color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa"><code class="codeBlockLines_RjmQ"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">import</span><span class="token plain"> puppeteer </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">from</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&#x27;puppeteer&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">const</span><span class="token plain"> browser </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">await</span><span class="token plain"> puppeteer</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">launch</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> product</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&#x27;firefox&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">// or &#x27;chrome&#x27;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> protocol</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&#x27;webDriverBiDi&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">const</span><span class="token plain"> page </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">await</span><span class="token plain"> browser</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">newPage</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">...</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">await</span><span class="token plain"> browser</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">close</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="tok
<p>This is an exciting step towards a more unified and efficient cross-browser automation experience. We encourage you to explore WebDriver BiDi with Puppeteer and join us in shaping the future of browser automation.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_FNw8" id="puppeteer-features-supported-over-webdriver-bidi">Puppeteer features supported over WebDriver BiDi<a href="#puppeteer-features-supported-over-webdriver-bidi" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Puppeteer features supported over WebDriver BiDi" title="Direct link to Puppeteer features supported over WebDriver BiDi"></a></h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Browser automation</p>
<ul>
<li>Puppeteer.launch</li>
<li>Browser.close</li>
<li>Browser.userAgent()</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Page automation</p>
<ul>
<li>Page.bringToFront</li>
<li>Page.goBack()</li>
<li>Page.goForward()</li>
<li>Page.goto (except <code>referer</code> and <code>referrerPolicy</code>)</li>
<li>Frame.goto() (except <code>referer</code> and <code>referrerPolicy</code>)</li>
<li>Page.reload (except for <code>ignoreCache</code> parameter)</li>
<li>Page.setViewport (<code>width</code>, <code>height</code>, <code>deviceScaleFactor</code> only)</li>
<li>Page.cookies()</li>
<li>Page.setCookie()</li>
<li>Page.deleteCookie()</li>
<li>Page.workers()</li>
<li>PageEvent.WorkerCreated</li>
<li>PageEvent.WorkerDestroyed</li>
<li>Page.setExtraHTTPHeaders()</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://pptr.dev/guides/evaluate-javascript" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Script evaluation</a>:</p>
<ul>
<li>JSHandle.evaluate</li>
<li>JSHandle.evaluateHandle</li>
<li>Page.evaluate</li>
<li>Page.exposeFunction</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://pptr.dev/guides/query-selectors" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Selectors</a> and <a href="https://pptr.dev/guides/locators" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">locators</a> except for ARIA:</p>
<ul>
<li>Page.$ (ARIA selectors supported in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.$$ (ARIA selectors supported in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.$$eval (ARIA selectors supported in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.$eval (ARIA selectors supported in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.waitForSelector (ARIA selectors supported in Chrome)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Input</p>
<ul>
<li>ElementHandle.uploadFile</li>
<li>ElementHandle.click</li>
<li>Keyboard.down</li>
<li>Keyboard.press</li>
<li>Keyboard.sendCharacter</li>
<li>Keyboard.type</li>
<li>Keyboard.up</li>
<li>Mouse events (except for dedicated drag&#x27;n&#x27;drop API methods)</li>
<li>Page.tap</li>
<li>TouchScreen.*</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>JavaScript dialog interception</p>
<ul>
<li>page.on(&#x27;dialog&#x27;)</li>
<li>Dialog.*</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Screenshots (not all parameters are supported)</p>
<ul>
<li>Page.screenshot (supported parameters <code>clip</code>, <code>encoding</code>, <code>fullPage</code>)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>PDF generation (not all parameters are supported)</p>
<ul>
<li>Page.pdf (only <code>format</code>, <code>height</code>, <code>landscape</code>, <code>margin</code>, <code>pageRanges</code>, <code>printBackground</code>, <code>scale</code>, <code>width</code> are supported)</li>
<li>Page.createPDFStream (only <code>format</code>, <code>height</code>, <code>landscape</code>, <code>margin</code>, <code>pageRanges</code>, <code>printBackground</code>, <code>scale</code>, <code>width</code> are supported)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Permissions (Supported in Chrome only)</p>
<ul>
<li>BrowserContext.clearPermissionOverrides()</li>
<li>BrowserContext.overridePermissions()</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://pptr.dev/guides/request-interception" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Request interception</a></p>
<ul>
<li>HTTPRequest.abort() (no custom error support)</li>
<li>HTTPRequest.abortErrorReason()</li>
<li>HTTPRequest.continue()</li>
<li>HTTPRequest.continueRequestOverrides()</li>
<li>HTTPRequest.failure()</li>
<li>HTTPRequest.finalizeInterceptions()</li>
<li>HTTPRequest.interceptResolutionState()</li>
<li>HTTPRequest.isInterceptResolutionHandled()</li>
<li>HTTPRequest.respond()</li>
<li>HTTPRequest.responseForRequest()</li>
<li>Page.setRequestInterception()</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_FNw8" id="puppeteer-features-not-yet-supported-over-webdriver-bidi">Puppeteer features not yet supported over WebDriver BiDi<a href="#puppeteer-features-not-yet-supported-over-webdriver-bidi" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Puppeteer features not yet supported over WebDriver BiDi" title="Direct link to Puppeteer features not yet supported over WebDriver BiDi"></a></h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Various emulations (most are supported with Chrome)</p>
<ul>
<li>Page.emulate() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.emulateCPUThrottling() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.emulateIdleState() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.emulateMediaFeatures() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.emulateMediaType() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.emulateTimezone() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.emulateVisionDeficiency() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.setBypassCSP() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.setCacheEnabled() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.setGeolocation() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.setJavaScriptEnabled() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>CDP-specific features</p>
<ul>
<li>Page.createCDPSession() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>HTTPRequest.client() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Tracing (supported only in Chrome)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Coverage (supported only in Chrome)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Accessibility (supported only in Chrome)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Other methods:</p>
<ul>
<li>Frame.isOOPFrame()</li>
<li>Frame.waitForDevicePrompt()</li>
<li>HTTPResponse.buffer()</li>
<li>HTTPResponse.fromServiceWorker()</li>
<li>HTTPResponse.securityDetails()</li>
<li>Input.drag()</li>
<li>Input.dragAndDrop()</li>
<li>Input.dragOver()</li>
<li>Input.drop()</li>
<li>Page.authenticate()</li>
<li>Page.emulateNetworkConditions()</li>
<li>Page.isDragInterceptionEnabled()</li>
<li>Page.isJavaScriptEnabled() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.isServiceWorkerBypassed()</li>
<li>Page.metrics()</li>
<li>Page.queryObjects() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.screencast() (supported only in Chrome)</li>
<li>Page.setBypassServiceWorker()</li>
<li>Page.setDragInterception()</li>
<li>Page.setOfflineMode()</li>
<li>Page.setUserAgent()</li>
<li>Page.waitForDevicePrompt()</li>
<li>Page.waitForFileChooser()</li>
<li>PageEvent.popup</li>
<li>Target.opener()</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/next/guides/links"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Links</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/next/supported-browsers"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Supported browsers</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_IS5x thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#automate-with-chrome-and-firefox" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Automate with Chrome and Firefox</a></li><li><a href="#measuring-progress" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Measuring progress</a></li><li><a href="#get-started" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Get started</a></li><li><a href="#puppeteer-features-supported-over-webdriver-bidi" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Puppeteer features supported over WebDriver BiDi</a></li><li><a href="#puppeteer-features-not-yet-supported-over-webdriver-bidi" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Puppeteer features not yet supported over WebDriver BiDi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">Community</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/puppeteer" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Stack Overflow<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_T11m"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"></path></svg></a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/chromedevtools" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_T11m"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"></path></svg></a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://goo.gle/devtools-youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">YouTube<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_T11m"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2024 Google, Inc.</div></div></div></footer></div>
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