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menu__caret"></button></div></li></ul></nav></div></aside><main class="docMainContainer_gTbr"><div class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_GujU"><div class="theme-doc-version-banner alert alert--warning margin-bottom--md" role="alert"><div>This is documentation for <!-- -->Puppeteer<!-- --> <b>15.3.1</b>, which is no longer actively maintained.</div><div class="margin-top--md">For up-to-date documentation, see the <b><a href="/troubleshooting">latest version</a></b> (<!-- -->15.5.0<!-- -->).</div></div><div class="docItemContainer_Adtb"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_OVgt"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">Troubleshooting</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li></ul></nav><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">Version: 15.3.1</span><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_aoJ5"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><h1>Troubleshooting</h1><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="chrome-headless-doesnt-launch-on-windows">Chrome headless doesn&#x27;t launch on Windows<a class="hash-link" href="#chrome-headless-doesnt-launch-on-windows" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><p>Some <a href="https://support.google.com/chrome/a/answer/7532015" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">chrome policies</a> might enforce running Chrome/Chromium
with certain extensions.</p><p>Puppeteer passes <code>--disable-extensions</code> flag by default and will fail to launch when such policies are active.</p><p>To work around this, try running without the flag:</p><div class="language-ts codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-ts codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">const</span><span class="token plain"> browser </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">await</span><span class="token plain"> puppeteer</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">launch</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> ignoreDefaultArgs</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">[</span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&#x27;--disable-extensions&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><blockquote><p>Context: <a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/issues/3681#issuecomment-447865342" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">issue 3681</a>.</p></blockquote><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="chrome-headless-doesnt-launch-on-unix">Chrome headless doesn&#x27;t launch on UNIX<a class="hash-link" href="#chrome-headless-doesnt-launch-on-unix" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><p>Make sure all the necessary dependencies are installed. You can run <code>ldd chrome | grep not</code> on a Linux
machine to check which dependencies are missing. The common ones are provided below.</p><details class="details_lb9f alert alert--info details_b_Ee" data-collapsed="true"><summary>Debian (e.g. Ubuntu) Dependencies</summary><div><div class="collapsibleContent_i85q"><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">ca-certificates</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">fonts-liberation</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libappindicator3-1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libasound2</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libatk-bridge2.0-0</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libatk1.0-0</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libc6</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libcairo2</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libcups2</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libdbus-1-3</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libexpat1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libfontconfig1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libgbm1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libgcc1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libglib2.0-0</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libgtk-3-0</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libnspr4</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libnss3</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libpango-1.0-0</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libpangocairo-1.0-0</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libstdc++6</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libx11-6</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libx11-xcb1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libxcb1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libxcomposite1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libxcursor1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libxdamage1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libxext6</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libxfixes3</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libxi6</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libxrandr2</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libxrender1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libxss1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libxtst6</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">lsb-release</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">wget</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">xdg-utils</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></details><details class="details_lb9f alert alert--info details_b_Ee" data-collapsed="true"><summary>CentOS Dependencies</summary><div><div class="collapsibleContent_i85q"><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">alsa-lib.x86_64</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">atk.x86_64</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">cups-libs.x86_64</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">gtk3.x86_64</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">ipa-gothic-fonts</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libXcomposite.x86_64</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libXcursor.x86_64</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libXdamage.x86_64</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libXext.x86_64</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libXi.x86_64</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libXrandr.x86_64</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libXScrnSaver.x86_64</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">libXtst.x86_64</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">pango.x86_64</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">xorg-x11-fonts-100dpi</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">xorg-x11-fonts-75dpi</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">xorg-x11-fonts-cyrillic</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">xorg-x11-fonts-misc</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">xorg-x11-fonts-Type1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">xorg-x11-utils</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>After installing dependencies you need to update nss library using this command</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">yum update nss -y</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></details><details class="details_lb9f alert alert--info details_b_Ee" data-collapsed="true"><summary>Check out discussions</summary><div><div class="collapsibleContent_i85q"><ul><li><a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/issues/290" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">#290</a> - Debian troubleshooting <br></li><li><a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/issues/391" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">#391</a> - CentOS troubleshooting <br></li><li><a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/issues/379" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">#379</a> - Alpine troubleshooting <br></li></ul></div></div></details><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="chrome-headless-disables-gpu-compositing">Chrome headless disables GPU compositing<a class="hash-link" href="#chrome-headless-disables-gpu-compositing" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><p>Chrome/Chromium requires <code>--use-gl=egl</code> to <a href="https://github.com/chromium/chromium/commit/19671359ae25aa1e30bde90f8ff92453eeaac2ba" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">enable GPU acceleration in headless mode</a>.</p><div class="language-ts codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-ts codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">const</span><span class="token plain"> browser </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">await</span><span class="token plain"> puppeteer</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">launch</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> headless</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style="color:#36acaa">true</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> args</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">[</span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&#x27;--use-gl=egl&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="chrome-is-downloaded-but-fails-to-launch-on-nodejs-14">Chrome is downloaded but fails to launch on Node.js 14<a class="hash-link" href="#chrome-is-downloaded-but-fails-to-launch-on-nodejs-14" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><p>If you get an error that looks like this when trying to launch Chromium:</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">(node:15505) UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: Error: Failed to launch the browser process!</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">spawn /Users/.../node_modules/puppeteer/.local-chromium/mac-756035/chrome-mac/Chromium.app/Contents/MacOS/Chromium ENOENT</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>This means that the browser was downloaded but failed to be extracted correctly. The most common cause is a bug in Node.js v14.0.0 which broke <code>extract-zip</code>, the module Puppeteer uses to extract browser downloads into the right place. The bug was fixed in Node.js v14.1.0, so please make sure you&#x27;re running that version or higher.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="setting-up-chrome-linux-sandbox">Setting Up Chrome Linux Sandbox<a class="hash-link" href="#setting-up-chrome-linux-sandbox" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><p>In order to protect the host environment from untrusted web content, Chrome uses <a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/HEAD/docs/linux/sandboxing.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">multiple layers of sandboxing</a>. For this to work properly,
the host should be configured first. If there&#x27;s no good sandbox for Chrome to use, it will crash
with the error <code>No usable sandbox!</code>.</p><p>If you <strong>absolutely trust</strong> the content you open in Chrome, you can launch Chrome
with the <code>--no-sandbox</code> argument:</p><div class="language-ts codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-ts codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">const</span><span class="token plain"> browser </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">await</span><span class="token plain"> puppeteer</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">launch</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> args</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">[</span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&#x27;--no-sandbox&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&#x27;--disable-setuid-sandbox&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><div class="admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"><div class="admonition-heading"><h5><span class="admonition-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>caution</h5></div><div class="admonition-content"><p>Running without a sandbox is <strong>strongly discouraged</strong>. Consider configuring a sandbox instead.</p></div></div><p>There are 2 ways to configure a sandbox in Chromium.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="recommended-enable-user-namespace-cloning">[recommended]<!-- --> Enable <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/user_namespaces.7.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">user namespace cloning</a><a class="hash-link" href="#recommended-enable-user-namespace-cloning" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h3><p>User namespace cloning is only supported by modern kernels. Unprivileged user namespaces are generally fine to enable,
but in some cases they open up more kernel attack surface for (unsandboxed) non-root processes to elevate to
kernel privileges.</p><div class="language-bash codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">sudo</span><span class="token plain"> sysctl -w kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">1</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="alternative-setup-setuid-sandbox">[alternative]<!-- --> Setup <a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/HEAD/docs/linux/suid_sandbox_development.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">setuid sandbox</a><a class="hash-link" href="#alternative-setup-setuid-sandbox" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h3><p>The setuid sandbox comes as a standalone executable and is located next to the Chromium that Puppeteer downloads. It is
fine to re-use the same sandbox executable for different Chromium versions, so the following could be
done only once per host environment:</p><div class="language-bash codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic"># cd to the downloaded instance</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">&lt;</span><span class="token plain">project-dir-path</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">&gt;</span><span class="token plain">/node_modules/puppeteer/.local-chromium/linux-</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">&lt;</span><span class="token plain">revision</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">&gt;</span><span class="token plain">/chrome-linux/</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">sudo</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">chown</span><span class="token plain"> root:root chrome_sandbox</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">sudo</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">chmod</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">4755</span><span class="token plain"> chrome_sandbox</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic"># copy sandbox executable to a shared location</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">sudo</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">cp</span><span class="token plain"> -p chrome_sandbox /usr/local/sbin/chrome-devel-sandbox</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic"># export CHROME_DEVEL_SANDBOX env variable</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token builtin class-name">export</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token assign-left variable" style="color:#36acaa">CHROME_DEVEL_SANDBOX</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain">/usr/local/sbin/chrome-devel-sandbox</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>You might want to export the <code>CHROME_DEVEL_SANDBOX</code> env variable by default. In this case, add the following to the <code>~/.bashrc</code>
or <code>.zshenv</code>:</p><div class="language-bash codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token builtin class-name">export</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token assign-left variable" style="color:#36acaa">CHROME_DEVEL_SANDBOX</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain">/usr/local/sbin/chrome-devel-sandbox</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="running-puppeteer-on-travis-ci">Running Puppeteer on Travis CI<a class="hash-link" href="#running-puppeteer-on-travis-ci" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><blockquote><p>👋 We ran our tests for Puppeteer on Travis CI until v6.0.0 (when we&#x27;ve migrated to GitHub Actions) - see our historical <a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/blob/v5.5.0/.travis.yml" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><code>.travis.yml</code> (v5.5.0)</a> for reference.</p></blockquote><p>Tips-n-tricks:</p><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xvfb" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">xvfb</a> service should be launched in order to run Chromium in non-headless mode</li><li>Runs on Xenial Linux on Travis by default</li><li>Runs <code>npm install</code> by default</li><li><code>node_modules</code> is cached by default</li></ul><p><code>.travis.yml</code> might look like this:</p><div class="language-yml codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-yml codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token key atrule" style="color:#00a4db">language</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"> node_js</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token key atrule" style="color:#00a4db">node_js</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"> node</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token key atrule" style="color:#00a4db">services</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"> xvfb</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token key atrule" style="color:#00a4db">script</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">-</span><span class="token plain"> npm test</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="running-puppeteer-on-circleci">Running Puppeteer on CircleCI<a class="hash-link" href="#running-puppeteer-on-circleci" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><p>Running Puppeteer smoothly on CircleCI requires the following steps:</p><ol><li>Start with a <a href="https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/circleci-images/#nodejs" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NodeJS
image</a> in your config
like so:<div class="language-yaml codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-yaml codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token key atrule" style="color:#00a4db">docker</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">-</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token key atrule" style="color:#00a4db">image</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"> circleci/node</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">14</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic"># Use your desired version</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token key atrule" style="color:#00a4db">environment</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token key atrule" style="color:#00a4db">NODE_ENV</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"> development </span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic"># Only needed if puppeteer is in `devDependencies`</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div></li><li>Dependencies like <code>libXtst6</code> probably need to be installed via <code>apt-get</code>,
so use the
<a href="https://circleci.com/orbs/registry/orb/threetreeslight/puppeteer" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">threetreeslight/puppeteer</a>
orb
(<a href="https://circleci.com/orbs/registry/orb/threetreeslight/puppeteer#quick-start" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">instructions</a>),
or paste parts of its
<a href="https://circleci.com/orbs/registry/orb/threetreeslight/puppeteer#orb-source" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">source</a>
into your own config.</li><li>Lastly, if you’re using Puppeteer through Jest, then you may encounter an
error spawning child processes:<div class="codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">[00:00.0] jest args: --e2e --spec --max-workers=36</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">Error: spawn ENOMEM</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> at ChildProcess.spawn (internal/child_process.js:394:11)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div>This is likely caused by Jest autodetecting the number of processes on the
entire machine (<code>36</code>) rather than the number allowed to your container
(<code>2</code>). To fix this, set <code>jest --maxWorkers=2</code> in your test command.</li></ol><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="running-puppeteer-in-docker">Running Puppeteer in Docker<a class="hash-link" href="#running-puppeteer-in-docker" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><blockquote><p>👋 We used <a href="https://cirrus-ci.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Cirrus Ci</a> to run our tests for Puppeteer in a Docker container until v3.0.x - see our historical <a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/blob/v3.0.1/.ci/node12/Dockerfile.linux" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><code>Dockerfile.linux</code> (v3.0.1)</a> for reference.</p></blockquote><p>Getting headless Chrome up and running in Docker can be tricky.
The bundled Chromium that Puppeteer installs is missing the necessary
shared library dependencies.</p><p>To fix, you&#x27;ll need to install the missing dependencies and the
latest Chromium package in your Dockerfile:</p><div class="language-Dockerfile codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-Dockerfile codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">FROM node:14-slim</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># Install latest chrome dev package and fonts to support major charsets (Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, Thai and a few others)</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># Note: this installs the necessary libs to make the bundled version of Chromium that Puppeteer</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># installs, work.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">RUN apt-get update \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; apt-get install -y wget gnupg \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; wget -q -O - https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub | apt-key add - \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; sh -c &#x27;echo &quot;deb [arch=amd64] http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main&quot; &gt;&gt; /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google.list&#x27; \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; apt-get update \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; apt-get install -y google-chrome-stable fonts-ipafont-gothic fonts-wqy-zenhei fonts-thai-tlwg fonts-kacst fonts-freefont-ttf libxss1 \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> --no-install-recommends \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># If running Docker &gt;= 1.13.0 use docker run&#x27;s --init arg to reap zombie processes, otherwise</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># uncomment the following lines to have `dumb-init` as PID 1</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># ADD https://github.com/Yelp/dumb-init/releases/download/v1.2.2/dumb-init_1.2.2_x86_64 /usr/local/bin/dumb-init</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># RUN chmod +x /usr/local/bin/dumb-init</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># ENTRYPOINT [&quot;dumb-init&quot;, &quot;--&quot;]</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># Uncomment to skip the chromium download when installing puppeteer. If you do,</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># you&#x27;ll need to launch puppeteer with:</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># browser.launch({executablePath: &#x27;google-chrome-stable&#x27;})</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># ENV PUPPETEER_SKIP_CHROMIUM_DOWNLOAD true</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># Install puppeteer so it&#x27;s available in the container.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">RUN npm init -y &amp;&amp; \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> npm i puppeteer \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> # Add user so we don&#x27;t need --no-sandbox.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> # same layer as npm install to keep re-chowned files from using up several hundred MBs more space</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; groupadd -r pptruser &amp;&amp; useradd -r -g pptruser -G audio,video pptruser \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; mkdir -p /home/pptruser/Downloads \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; chown -R pptruser:pptruser /home/pptruser \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; chown -R pptruser:pptruser /node_modules \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; chown -R pptruser:pptruser /package.json \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; chown -R pptruser:pptruser /package-lock.json</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># Run everything after as non-privileged user.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">USER pptruser</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">CMD [&quot;google-chrome-stable&quot;]</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>Build the container:</p><div class="language-bash codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">docker</span><span class="token plain"> build -t puppeteer-chrome-linux </span><span class="token builtin class-name">.</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>Run the container by passing <code>node -e &quot;&lt;yourscript.js content as a string&gt;&quot;</code> as the command:</p><div class="language-bash codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">docker</span><span class="token plain"> run -i --init --rm --cap-add</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain">SYS_ADMIN </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">\</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> --name puppeteer-chrome puppeteer-chrome-linux </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">\</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">node</span><span class="token plain"> -e </span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&quot;</span><span class="token string variable" style="color:#36acaa">`</span><span class="token string variable function" style="color:#d73a49">cat</span><span class="token string variable" style="color:#36acaa"> yourscript.js</span><span class="token string variable" style="color:#36acaa">`</span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&quot;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>There&#x27;s a full example at <a href="https://github.com/ebidel/try-puppeteer" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/ebidel/try-puppeteer</a> that shows
how to run this Dockerfile from a webserver running on App Engine Flex (Node).</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="running-on-alpine">Running on Alpine<a class="hash-link" href="#running-on-alpine" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h3><p>The <a href="https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/package/edge/community/x86_64/chromium" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">newest Chromium package</a> supported on Alpine is 100, which corresponds to <a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/releases/tag/v13.5.0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Puppeteer v13.5.0</a>.</p><p>Example Dockerfile:</p><div class="language-Dockerfile codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-Dockerfile codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">FROM alpine</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># Installs latest Chromium (100) package.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">RUN apk add --no-cache \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> chromium \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> nss \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> freetype \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> harfbuzz \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> ca-certificates \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> ttf-freefont \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> nodejs \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> yarn</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">...</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># Tell Puppeteer to skip installing Chrome. We&#x27;ll be using the installed package.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">ENV PUPPETEER_SKIP_CHROMIUM_DOWNLOAD=true \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> PUPPETEER_EXECUTABLE_PATH=/usr/bin/chromium-browser</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># Puppeteer v13.5.0 works with Chromium 100.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">RUN yarn add puppeteer@13.5.0</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># Add user so we don&#x27;t need --no-sandbox.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">RUN addgroup -S pptruser &amp;&amp; adduser -S -G pptruser pptruser \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; mkdir -p /home/pptruser/Downloads /app \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; chown -R pptruser:pptruser /home/pptruser \</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> &amp;&amp; chown -R pptruser:pptruser /app</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"># Run everything after as non-privileged user.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">USER pptruser</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">...</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="tips">Tips<a class="hash-link" href="#tips" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h4><p>By default, Docker runs a container with a <code>/dev/shm</code> shared memory space 64MB.
This is <a href="https://github.com/c0b/chrome-in-docker/issues/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">typically too small</a> for Chrome
and will cause Chrome to crash when rendering large pages. To fix, run the container with
<code>docker run --shm-size=1gb</code> to increase the size of <code>/dev/shm</code>. Since Chrome 65, this is no
longer necessary. Instead, launch the browser with the <code>--disable-dev-shm-usage</code> flag:</p><div class="language-ts codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-ts codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">const</span><span class="token plain"> browser </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">await</span><span class="token plain"> puppeteer</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">launch</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> args</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">:</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">[</span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">&#x27;--disable-dev-shm-usage&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>This will write shared memory files into <code>/tmp</code> instead of <code>/dev/shm</code>. See <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=736452" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">crbug.com/736452</a> for more details.</p><p>Seeing other weird errors when launching Chrome? Try running your container
with <code>docker run --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN</code> when developing locally. Since the Dockerfile
adds a <code>pptr</code> user as a non-privileged user, it may not have all the necessary privileges.</p><p><a href="https://github.com/Yelp/dumb-init" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">dumb-init</a> is worth checking out if you&#x27;re
experiencing a lot of zombies Chrome processes sticking around. There&#x27;s special
treatment for processes with PID=1, which makes it hard to terminate Chrome
properly in some cases (e.g. in Docker).</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="running-puppeteer-in-the-cloud">Running Puppeteer in the cloud<a class="hash-link" href="#running-puppeteer-in-the-cloud" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="running-puppeteer-on-google-app-engine">Running Puppeteer on Google App Engine<a class="hash-link" href="#running-puppeteer-on-google-app-engine" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h3><p>The Node.js runtime of the <a href="https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/nodejs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">App Engine standard environment</a> comes with all system packages needed to run Headless Chrome.</p><p>To use <code>puppeteer</code>, simply list the module as a dependency in your <code>package.json</code> and deploy to Google App Engine. Read more about using <code>puppeteer</code> on App Engine by following <a href="https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/nodejs/using-headless-chrome-with-puppeteer" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">the official tutorial</a>.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="running-puppeteer-on-google-cloud-functions">Running Puppeteer on Google Cloud Functions<a class="hash-link" href="#running-puppeteer-on-google-cloud-functions" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h3><p>The Node.js 10 runtime of <a href="https://cloud.google.com/functions/docs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google Cloud Functions</a> comes with all system packages needed to run Headless Chrome.</p><p>To use <code>puppeteer</code>, simply list the module as a dependency in your <code>package.json</code> and deploy your function to Google Cloud Functions using the <code>nodejs10</code> runtime.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="running-puppeteer-on-google-cloud-run">Running Puppeteer on Google Cloud Run<a class="hash-link" href="#running-puppeteer-on-google-cloud-run" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h3><p>The default Node.js runtime of <a href="https://cloud.google.com/run/docs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google Cloud Run</a> does not come with the system packages needed to run Headless Chrome. You will need to set up your own <code>Dockerfile</code> and <a href="#chrome-headless-doesnt-launch-on-unix">include the missing dependencies</a>.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="running-puppeteer-on-heroku">Running Puppeteer on Heroku<a class="hash-link" href="#running-puppeteer-on-heroku" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h3><p>Running Puppeteer on Heroku requires some additional dependencies that aren&#x27;t included on the Linux box that Heroku spins up for you. To add the dependencies on deploy, add the Puppeteer Heroku buildpack to the list of buildpacks for your app under Settings &gt; Buildpacks.</p><p>The url for the buildpack is <a href="https://github.com/jontewks/puppeteer-heroku-buildpack" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/jontewks/puppeteer-heroku-buildpack</a></p><p>Ensure that you&#x27;re using <code>&#x27;--no-sandbox&#x27;</code> mode when launching Puppeteer. This can be done by passing it as an argument to your <code>.launch()</code> call: <code>puppeteer.launch({ args: [&#x27;--no-sandbox&#x27;] });</code>.</p><p>When you click add buildpack, simply paste that url into the input, and click save. On the next deploy, your app will also install the dependencies that Puppeteer needs to run.</p><p>If you need to render Chinese, Japanese, or Korean characters you may need to use a buildpack with additional font files like <a href="https://github.com/CoffeeAndCode/puppeteer-heroku-buildpack" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/CoffeeAndCode/puppeteer-heroku-buildpack</a></p><p>There&#x27;s also another <a href="https://timleland.com/headless-chrome-on-heroku/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">simple guide</a> from @timleland that includes a sample project: <a href="https://timleland.com/headless-chrome-on-heroku/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://timleland.com/headless-chrome-on-heroku/</a>.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="running-puppeteer-on-aws-lambda">Running Puppeteer on AWS Lambda<a class="hash-link" href="#running-puppeteer-on-aws-lambda" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h3><p>AWS Lambda <a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/limits.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">limits</a> deployment package sizes to ~50MB. This presents challenges for running headless Chrome (and therefore Puppeteer) on Lambda. The community has put together a few resources that work around the issues:</p><ul><li><a href="https://github.com/alixaxel/chrome-aws-lambda" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/alixaxel/chrome-aws-lambda</a> (kept updated with the latest stable release of puppeteer)</li><li><a href="https://github.com/adieuadieu/serverless-chrome/blob/HEAD/docs/chrome.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/adieuadieu/serverless-chrome/blob/HEAD/docs/chrome.md</a> (serverless plugin - outdated)</li></ul><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="running-puppeteer-on-aws-ec2-instance-running-amazon-linux">Running Puppeteer on AWS EC2 instance running Amazon-Linux<a class="hash-link" href="#running-puppeteer-on-aws-ec2-instance-running-amazon-linux" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h3><p>If you are using an EC2 instance running amazon-linux in your CI/CD pipeline, and if you want to run Puppeteer tests in amazon-linux, follow these steps.</p><ol><li><p>To install Chromium, you have to first enable <code>amazon-linux-extras</code> which comes as part of <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/ec2-enable-epel/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux)</a>:</p><div class="language-sh codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sh codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">sudo amazon-linux-extras install epel -y</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div></li><li><p>Next, install Chromium:</p><div class="language-sh codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sh codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">sudo yum install -y chromium</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div></li></ol><p>Now Puppeteer can launch Chromium to run your tests. If you do not enable EPEL and if you continue installing chromium as part of <code>npm install</code>, Puppeteer cannot launch Chromium due to unavailablity of <code>libatk-1.0.so.0</code> and many more packages.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="code-transpilation-issues">Code Transpilation Issues<a class="hash-link" href="#code-transpilation-issues" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><p>If you are using a JavaScript transpiler like babel or TypeScript, calling <code>evaluate()</code> with an async function might not work. This is because while <code>puppeteer</code> uses <code>Function.prototype.toString()</code> to serialize functions while transpilers could be changing the output code in such a way it&#x27;s incompatible with <code>puppeteer</code>.</p><p>Some workarounds to this problem would be to instruct the transpiler not to mess up with the code, for example, configure TypeScript to use latest ecma version (<code>&quot;target&quot;: &quot;es2018&quot;</code>). Another workaround could be using string templates instead of functions:</p><div class="language-ts codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-ts codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">await</span><span class="token plain"> page</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">evaluate</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#e3116c">`</span><span class="token template-string string" style="color:#e3116c">(async() =&gt; {</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token template-string string" style="color:#e3116c"> console.log(&#x27;1&#x27;);</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token template-string string" style="color:#e3116c">})()</span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation string" style="color:#e3116c">`</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/15.3.1/faq"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">FAQ</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/15.3.1/contributing"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Contributing</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#chrome-headless-doesnt-launch-on-windows" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Chrome headless doesn&#39;t launch on Windows</a></li><li><a href="#chrome-headless-doesnt-launch-on-unix" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Chrome headless doesn&#39;t launch on UNIX</a></li><li><a href="#chrome-headless-disables-gpu-compositing" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Chrome headless disables GPU compositing</a></li><li><a href="#chrome-is-downloaded-but-fails-to-launch-on-nodejs-14" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Chrome is downloaded but fails to launch on Node.js 14</a></li><li><a href="#setting-up-chrome-linux-sandbox" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Setting Up Chrome Linux Sandbox</a><ul><li><a href="#recommended-enable-user-namespace-cloning" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">recommended Enable user namespace cloning</a></li><li><a href="#alternative-setup-setuid-sandbox" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">alternative Setup setuid sandbox</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#running-puppeteer-on-travis-ci" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Running Puppeteer on Travis CI</a></li><li><a href="#running-puppeteer-on-circleci" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Running Puppeteer on CircleCI</a></li><li><a href="#running-puppeteer-in-docker" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Running Puppeteer in Docker</a><ul><li><a href="#running-on-alpine" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Running on Alpine</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#running-puppeteer-in-the-cloud" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Running Puppeteer in the cloud</a><ul><li><a href="#running-puppeteer-on-google-app-engine" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Running Puppeteer on Google App Engine</a></li><li><a href="#running-puppeteer-on-google-cloud-functions" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Running Puppeteer on Google Cloud Functions</a></li><li><a href="#running-puppeteer-on-google-cloud-run" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Running Puppeteer on Google Cloud Run</a></li><li><a href="#running-puppeteer-on-heroku" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Running Puppeteer on Heroku</a></li><li><a href="#running-puppeteer-on-aws-lambda" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Running Puppeteer on AWS Lambda</a></li><li><a href="#running-puppeteer-on-aws-ec2-instance-running-amazon-linux" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Running Puppeteer on AWS EC2 instance running Amazon-Linux</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#code-transpilation-issues" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Code Transpilation Issues</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">Community</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/puppeteer" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Stack Overflow<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_lCJq"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 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