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version.</div><div class="margin-top--md">For up-to-date documentation, see the <b><a href="/faq">latest version</a></b> (<!-- -->21.2.0<!-- -->).</div></div><div class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">FAQ</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li></ul></nav><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">Version: Next</span><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><h1>FAQ</h1><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="q-who-maintains-puppeteer">Q: Who maintains Puppeteer?<a href="#q-who-maintains-puppeteer" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Q: Who maintains Puppeteer?" title="Direct link to Q: Who maintains Puppeteer?"></a></h2><p>The Chrome DevTools team maintains the library, but we'd love your help and
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expertise on the project! See our
|
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<a href="https://pptr.dev/contributing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">contributing guide</a>.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="q-what-is-the-status-of-cross-browser-support">Q: What is the status of cross-browser support?<a href="#q-what-is-the-status-of-cross-browser-support" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Q: What is the status of cross-browser support?" title="Direct link to Q: What is the status of cross-browser support?"></a></h2><p>Official Firefox support is currently experimental. The ongoing collaboration
|
||
with Mozilla aims to support common end-to-end testing use cases, for which
|
||
developers expect cross-browser coverage. The Puppeteer team needs input from
|
||
users to stabilize Firefox support and to bring missing APIs to our attention.</p><p>From Puppeteer v2.1.0 onwards you can specify
|
||
<a href="/next/api/puppeteer.puppeteernode.launch"><code>puppeteer.launch({product: 'firefox'})</code></a>
|
||
to run your Puppeteer scripts in Firefox Nightly, without any additional custom
|
||
patches. While
|
||
<a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/puppeteer-firefox" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">an older experiment</a> required
|
||
a patched version of Firefox,
|
||
<a href="https://wiki.mozilla.org/Remote" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">the current approach</a> works with “stock”
|
||
Firefox.</p><p>We will continue to collaborate with other browser vendors to bring Puppeteer
|
||
support to browsers such as Safari. This effort includes exploration of a
|
||
standard for executing cross-browser commands (instead of relying on the
|
||
non-standard DevTools Protocol used by Chrome).</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="q-what-are-puppeteers-goals-and-principles">Q: What are Puppeteer’s goals and principles?<a href="#q-what-are-puppeteers-goals-and-principles" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Q: What are Puppeteer’s goals and principles?" title="Direct link to Q: What are Puppeteer’s goals and principles?"></a></h2><p>The goals of the project are:</p><ul><li>Provide a slim, canonical library that highlights the capabilities of the
|
||
<a href="https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DevTools Protocol</a>.</li><li>Provide a reference implementation for similar testing libraries. Eventually,
|
||
these other frameworks could adopt Puppeteer as their foundational layer.</li><li>Grow the adoption of headless/automated browser testing.</li><li>Help dogfood new DevTools Protocol features...and catch bugs!</li><li>Learn more about the pain points of automated browser testing and help fill
|
||
those gaps.</li></ul><p>We adapt
|
||
<a href="https://www.chromium.org/developers/core-principles" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chromium principles</a> to
|
||
help us drive product decisions:</p><ul><li><strong>Speed</strong>: Puppeteer has almost zero performance overhead over an automated
|
||
page.</li><li><strong>Security</strong>: Puppeteer operates off-process with respect to Chromium, making
|
||
it safe to automate potentially malicious pages.</li><li><strong>Stability</strong>: Puppeteer should not be flaky and should not leak memory.</li><li><strong>Simplicity</strong>: Puppeteer provides a high-level API that’s easy to use,
|
||
understand, and debug.</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="q-is-puppeteer-replacing-seleniumwebdriver">Q: Is Puppeteer replacing Selenium/WebDriver?<a href="#q-is-puppeteer-replacing-seleniumwebdriver" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Q: Is Puppeteer replacing Selenium/WebDriver?" title="Direct link to Q: Is Puppeteer replacing Selenium/WebDriver?"></a></h2><p><strong>No</strong>. Both projects are valuable for very different reasons:</p><ul><li>Selenium/WebDriver focuses on cross-browser automation; its value proposition
|
||
is a single standard API that works across all major browsers.</li><li>Puppeteer focuses on Chromium; its value proposition is richer functionality
|
||
and higher reliability.</li></ul><p>That said, you <strong>can</strong> use Puppeteer to run tests against Chromium, e.g. using
|
||
the community-driven
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/smooth-code/jest-puppeteer" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">jest-puppeteer</a>. While this
|
||
probably shouldn’t be your only testing solution, it does have a few good points
|
||
compared to WebDriver:</p><ul><li>Puppeteer requires zero setup and comes bundled with the Chromium version it
|
||
works best with, making it
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/#getting-started" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">very easy to start with</a>.
|
||
At the end of the day, it’s better to have a few tests running chromium-only,
|
||
than no tests at all.</li><li>Puppeteer has event-driven architecture, which removes a lot of potential
|
||
flakiness. There’s no need for evil “sleep(1000)” calls in puppeteer scripts.</li><li>Puppeteer runs headless by default, which makes it fast to run. Puppeteer
|
||
v1.5.0 also exposes browser contexts, making it possible to efficiently
|
||
parallelize test execution.</li><li>Puppeteer shines when it comes to debugging: flip the “headless” bit to false,
|
||
add “slowMo”, and you’ll see what the browser is doing. You can even open
|
||
Chrome DevTools to inspect the test environment.</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="q-why-doesnt-puppeteer-vxxx-work-with-chromium-vyyy">Q: Why doesn’t Puppeteer v.XXX work with Chromium v.YYY?<a href="#q-why-doesnt-puppeteer-vxxx-work-with-chromium-vyyy" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Q: Why doesn’t Puppeteer v.XXX work with Chromium v.YYY?" title="Direct link to Q: Why doesn’t Puppeteer v.XXX work with Chromium v.YYY?"></a></h2><p>We see Puppeteer as an <strong>indivisible entity</strong> with Chromium. Each version of
|
||
Puppeteer bundles a specific version of Chromium – <strong>the only</strong> version it is
|
||
guaranteed to work with.</p><p>This is not an artificial constraint: A lot of work on Puppeteer is actually
|
||
taking place in the Chromium repository. Here’s a typical story:</p><ul><li>A Puppeteer bug is reported:
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/issues/2709" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/issues/2709</a></li><li>It turned out this is an issue with the DevTools protocol, so we’re fixing it
|
||
in Chromium: <a href="https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/1102154" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/1102154</a></li><li>Once the upstream fix is landed, we roll updated Chromium into Puppeteer:
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/pull/2769" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/pull/2769</a></li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="q-which-chrome-version-does-puppeteer-use">Q: Which Chrome version does Puppeteer use?<a href="#q-which-chrome-version-does-puppeteer-use" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Q: Which Chrome version does Puppeteer use?" title="Direct link to Q: Which Chrome version does Puppeteer use?"></a></h2><p>Look for the <code>chrome</code> entry in
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/blob/main/packages/puppeteer-core/src/revisions.ts" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">revisions.ts</a>.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="q-which-firefox-version-does-puppeteer-use">Q: Which Firefox version does Puppeteer use?<a href="#q-which-firefox-version-does-puppeteer-use" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Q: Which Firefox version does Puppeteer use?" title="Direct link to Q: Which Firefox version does Puppeteer use?"></a></h2><p>Since Firefox support is experimental, Puppeteer downloads the latest
|
||
<a href="https://wiki.mozilla.org/Nightly" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Firefox Nightly</a> when the <code>PUPPETEER_PRODUCT</code>
|
||
environment variable is set to <code>firefox</code>. That's also why the value of <code>firefox</code>
|
||
in
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/blob/main/packages/puppeteer-core/src/revisions.ts" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">revisions.ts</a>
|
||
is <code>latest</code> -- Puppeteer isn't tied to a particular Firefox version.</p><p>To fetch Firefox Nightly as part of Puppeteer installation:</p><div class="language-bash codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token assign-left variable" style="color:#36acaa">PUPPETEER_PRODUCT</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain">firefox </span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">npm</span><span class="token plain"> i puppeteer</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="q-whats-considered-a-navigation">Q: What’s considered a “Navigation”?<a href="#q-whats-considered-a-navigation" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Q: What’s considered a “Navigation”?" title="Direct link to Q: What’s considered a “Navigation”?"></a></h4><p>From Puppeteer’s standpoint, <strong>“navigation” is anything that changes a page’s
|
||
URL</strong>. Aside from regular navigation where the browser hits the network to fetch
|
||
a new document from the web server, this includes
|
||
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/html5/single-page.html#scroll-to-fragid" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">anchor navigations</a>
|
||
and <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/History_API" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">History API</a>
|
||
usage.</p><p>With this definition of “navigation,” <strong>Puppeteer works seamlessly with
|
||
single-page applications.</strong></p><h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="q-whats-the-difference-between-a-trusted-and-untrusted-input-event">Q: What’s the difference between a “trusted" and "untrusted" input event?<a href="#q-whats-the-difference-between-a-trusted-and-untrusted-input-event" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Q: What’s the difference between a “trusted" and "untrusted" input event?" title="Direct link to Q: What’s the difference between a “trusted" and "untrusted" input event?"></a></h4><p>In browsers, input events could be divided into two big groups: trusted vs.
|
||
untrusted.</p><ul><li><strong>Trusted events</strong>: events generated by users interacting with the page, e.g.
|
||
using a mouse or keyboard.</li><li><strong>Untrusted event</strong>: events generated by Web APIs, e.g. <code>document.createEvent</code>
|
||
or <code>element.click()</code> methods.</li></ul><p>Websites can distinguish between these two groups:</p><ul><li>using an
|
||
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Event/isTrusted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><code>Event.isTrusted</code></a>
|
||
event flag</li><li>sniffing for accompanying events. For example, every trusted <code>'click'</code> event
|
||
is preceded by <code>'mousedown'</code> and <code>'mouseup'</code> events.</li></ul><p>For automation purposes it’s important to generate trusted events. <strong>All input
|
||
events generated with Puppeteer are trusted and fire proper accompanying
|
||
events.</strong> If, for some reason, one needs an untrusted event, it’s always
|
||
possible to hop into a page context with <code>page.evaluate</code> and generate a fake
|
||
event:</p><div class="language-ts codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-ts codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">await</span><span class="token plain"> page</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">evaluate</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=></span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> document</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">querySelector</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">'button[type=submit]'</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">click</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="q-what-features-does-puppeteer-not-support">Q: What features does Puppeteer not support?<a href="#q-what-features-does-puppeteer-not-support" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Q: What features does Puppeteer not support?" title="Direct link to Q: What features does Puppeteer not support?"></a></h4><p>You may find that Puppeteer does not behave as expected when controlling pages
|
||
that incorporate audio and video. (For example,
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/issues/291" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">video playback/screenshots is likely to fail</a>.)
|
||
There are two reasons for this:</p><ul><li>Puppeteer is bundled with <a href="https://goo.gle/chrome-for-testing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chrome for Testing</a> — not the regular Chrome — and so by default, it
|
||
inherits all of
|
||
<a href="https://www.chromium.org/audio-video" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chromium's media-related limitations</a>.
|
||
This means that Puppeteer does not support licensed formats such as AAC or
|
||
H.264. (However, it is possible to force Puppeteer to use a
|
||
separately-installed version Chrome instead of Chromium via the
|
||
<a href="/next/api/puppeteer.launchoptions"><code>executablePath</code> option to <code>puppeteer.launch</code></a>.
|
||
You should only use this configuration if you need an official release of
|
||
Chrome that supports these media formats.)</li><li>Since Puppeteer (in all configurations) controls a desktop version of
|
||
Chromium/Chrome, features that are only supported by the mobile version of
|
||
Chrome are not supported. This means that Puppeteer
|
||
<a href="https://caniuse.com/#feat=http-live-streaming" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">does not support HTTP Live Streaming (HLS)</a>.</li></ul><h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="q-i-am-having-trouble-installing--running-puppeteer-in-my-test-environment-where-should-i-look-for-help">Q: I am having trouble installing / running Puppeteer in my test environment. Where should I look for help?<a href="#q-i-am-having-trouble-installing--running-puppeteer-in-my-test-environment-where-should-i-look-for-help" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Q: I am having trouble installing / running Puppeteer in my test environment. Where should I look for help?" title="Direct link to Q: I am having trouble installing / running Puppeteer in my test environment. Where should I look for help?"></a></h4><p>We have a
|
||
<a href="https://pptr.dev/troubleshooting" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">troubleshooting</a>
|
||
guide for various operating systems that lists the required dependencies.</p><h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="q-i-have-more-questions-where-do-i-ask">Q: I have more questions! Where do I ask?<a href="#q-i-have-more-questions-where-do-i-ask" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Q: I have more questions! Where do I ask?" title="Direct link to Q: I have more questions! Where do I ask?"></a></h4><p>There are many ways to get help on Puppeteer:</p><ul><li><a href="https://github.com/puppeteer/puppeteer/issues" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">bugtracker</a></li><li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/puppeteer" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Stack Overflow</a></li></ul><p>Make sure to search these channels before posting your question.</p></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/next/contributing"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Contributing</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#q-who-maintains-puppeteer" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Q: Who maintains Puppeteer?</a></li><li><a href="#q-what-is-the-status-of-cross-browser-support" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Q: What is the status of cross-browser support?</a></li><li><a href="#q-what-are-puppeteers-goals-and-principles" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Q: What are Puppeteer’s goals and principles?</a></li><li><a href="#q-is-puppeteer-replacing-seleniumwebdriver" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Q: Is Puppeteer replacing Selenium/WebDriver?</a></li><li><a href="#q-why-doesnt-puppeteer-vxxx-work-with-chromium-vyyy" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Q: Why doesn’t Puppeteer v.XXX work with Chromium v.YYY?</a></li><li><a href="#q-which-chrome-version-does-puppeteer-use" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Q: Which Chrome version does Puppeteer use?</a></li><li><a href="#q-which-firefox-version-does-puppeteer-use" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Q: Which Firefox version does Puppeteer use?</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">Community</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/puppeteer" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Stack Overflow<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_nPIU"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"></path></svg></a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/chromedevtools" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">Twitter<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_nPIU"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"></path></svg></a></li><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://goo.gle/devtools-youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="footer__link-item">YouTube<svg width="13.5" height="13.5" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="iconExternalLink_nPIU"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21 13v10h-21v-19h12v2h-10v15h17v-8h2zm3-12h-10.988l4.035 4-6.977 7.07 2.828 2.828 6.977-7.07 4.125 4.172v-11z"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2023 Google, Inc.</div></div></div></footer></div>
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