diff --git a/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/Accessibility.ts b/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/Accessibility.ts
index 0f49d0e6..1429ecf6 100644
--- a/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/Accessibility.ts
+++ b/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/Accessibility.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import {Protocol} from 'devtools-protocol';
 
 import {ElementHandle} from '../api/ElementHandle.js';
 
+import {CDPSession} from './Connection.js';
+
 /**
  * Represents a Node and the properties of it that are relevant to Accessibility.
  * @public
@@ -107,14 +109,6 @@ export interface SnapshotOptions {
   root?: ElementHandle<Node>;
 }
 
-/**
- * @internal
- */
-export interface DataProvider {
-  getFullAXTree(): Promise<Protocol.Accessibility.GetFullAXTreeResponse>;
-  describeNode(id: string): Promise<Protocol.DOM.DescribeNodeResponse>;
-}
-
 /**
  * The Accessibility class provides methods for inspecting the browser's
  * accessibility tree. The accessibility tree is used by assistive technology
@@ -138,13 +132,13 @@ export interface DataProvider {
  * @public
  */
 export class Accessibility {
-  #dataProvider: DataProvider;
+  #client: CDPSession;
 
   /**
    * @internal
    */
-  constructor(dataProvider: DataProvider) {
-    this.#dataProvider = dataProvider;
+  constructor(client: CDPSession) {
+    this.#client = client;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -190,10 +184,12 @@ export class Accessibility {
     options: SnapshotOptions = {}
   ): Promise<SerializedAXNode | null> {
     const {interestingOnly = true, root = null} = options;
-    const {nodes} = await this.#dataProvider.getFullAXTree();
+    const {nodes} = await this.#client.send('Accessibility.getFullAXTree');
     let backendNodeId: number | undefined;
-    if (root && root.id) {
-      const {node} = await this.#dataProvider.describeNode(root.id);
+    if (root) {
+      const {node} = await this.#client.send('DOM.describeNode', {
+        objectId: root.id,
+      });
       backendNodeId = node.backendNodeId;
     }
     const defaultRoot = AXNode.createTree(nodes);
diff --git a/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/Page.ts b/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/Page.ts
index f922a19d..f8d657b2 100644
--- a/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/Page.ts
+++ b/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/Page.ts
@@ -167,16 +167,7 @@ export class CDPPage extends Page {
     this.#keyboard = new Keyboard(client);
     this.#mouse = new Mouse(client, this.#keyboard);
     this.#touchscreen = new Touchscreen(client, this.#keyboard);
-    this.#accessibility = new Accessibility({
-      describeNode(id: string) {
-        return client.send('DOM.describeNode', {
-          objectId: id,
-        });
-      },
-      getFullAXTree() {
-        return client.send('Accessibility.getFullAXTree');
-      },
-    });
+    this.#accessibility = new Accessibility(client);
     this.#frameManager = new FrameManager(
       client,
       this,
@@ -184,25 +175,7 @@ export class CDPPage extends Page {
       this.#timeoutSettings
     );
     this.#emulationManager = new EmulationManager(client);
-    this.#tracing = new Tracing({
-      read: opts => {
-        return this.#client.send('IO.read', opts);
-      },
-      close: opts => {
-        return this.#client.send('IO.close', opts);
-      },
-      start: opts => {
-        return client.send('Tracing.start', opts);
-      },
-      stop: async () => {
-        const deferred = Deferred.create();
-        this.#client.once('Tracing.tracingComplete', event => {
-          deferred.resolve(event);
-        });
-        await this.#client.send('Tracing.end');
-        return deferred.valueOrThrow() as Promise<Protocol.Tracing.TracingCompleteEvent>;
-      },
-    });
+    this.#tracing = new Tracing(client);
     this.#coverage = new Coverage(client);
     this.#screenshotTaskQueue = screenshotTaskQueue;
     this.#viewport = null;
@@ -1494,17 +1467,7 @@ export class CDPPage extends Page {
     }
 
     assert(result.stream, '`stream` is missing from `Page.printToPDF');
-    return getReadableFromProtocolStream(
-      {
-        read: opts => {
-          return this.#client.send('IO.read', opts);
-        },
-        close: opts => {
-          return this.#client.send('IO.close', opts);
-        },
-      },
-      result.stream
-    );
+    return getReadableFromProtocolStream(this.#client, result.stream);
   }
 
   override async pdf(options: PDFOptions = {}): Promise<Buffer> {
diff --git a/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/Tracing.ts b/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/Tracing.ts
index aabcd629..18de4abb 100644
--- a/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/Tracing.ts
+++ b/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/Tracing.ts
@@ -13,15 +13,12 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-import Protocol from 'devtools-protocol';
-
 import {assert} from '../util/assert.js';
+import {Deferred} from '../util/Deferred.js';
+import {isErrorLike} from '../util/ErrorLike.js';
 
-import {
-  getReadableAsBuffer,
-  getReadableFromProtocolStream,
-  ProtocolReadable,
-} from './util.js';
+import {CDPSession} from './Connection.js';
+import {getReadableAsBuffer, getReadableFromProtocolStream} from './util.js';
 
 /**
  * @public
@@ -32,14 +29,6 @@ export interface TracingOptions {
   categories?: string[];
 }
 
-/**
- * @internal
- */
-export interface TracingSource extends ProtocolReadable {
-  start(opts: Protocol.Tracing.StartRequest): Promise<void>;
-  stop(): Promise<Protocol.Tracing.TracingCompleteEvent>;
-}
-
 /**
  * The Tracing class exposes the tracing audit interface.
  * @remarks
@@ -57,15 +46,15 @@ export interface TracingSource extends ProtocolReadable {
  * @public
  */
 export class Tracing {
-  #source: TracingSource;
+  #client: CDPSession;
   #recording = false;
   #path?: string;
 
   /**
    * @internal
    */
-  constructor(source: TracingSource) {
-    this.#source = source;
+  constructor(client: CDPSession) {
+    this.#client = client;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -113,7 +102,7 @@ export class Tracing {
 
     this.#path = path;
     this.#recording = true;
-    await this.#source.start({
+    await this.#client.send('Tracing.start', {
       transferMode: 'ReturnAsStream',
       traceConfig: {
         excludedCategories,
@@ -127,13 +116,25 @@ export class Tracing {
    * @returns Promise which resolves to buffer with trace data.
    */
   async stop(): Promise<Buffer | undefined> {
-    const result = await this.#source.stop();
-    const readable = await getReadableFromProtocolStream(
-      this.#source,
-      result.stream!
-    );
-    const buffer = await getReadableAsBuffer(readable, this.#path);
+    const contentDeferred = Deferred.create<Buffer | undefined>();
+    this.#client.once('Tracing.tracingComplete', async event => {
+      try {
+        const readable = await getReadableFromProtocolStream(
+          this.#client,
+          event.stream
+        );
+        const buffer = await getReadableAsBuffer(readable, this.#path);
+        contentDeferred.resolve(buffer ?? undefined);
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (isErrorLike(error)) {
+          contentDeferred.reject(error);
+        } else {
+          contentDeferred.reject(new Error(`Unknown error: ${error}`));
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    await this.#client.send('Tracing.end');
     this.#recording = false;
-    return buffer ?? undefined;
+    return contentDeferred.valueOrThrow();
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/bidi/Page.ts b/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/bidi/Page.ts
index a687cf39..c10bda97 100644
--- a/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/bidi/Page.ts
+++ b/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/bidi/Page.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 import type {Readable} from 'stream';
 
 import * as Bidi from 'chromium-bidi/lib/cjs/protocol/protocol.js';
-import Protocol from 'devtools-protocol';
 
 import {
   Page as PageBase,
@@ -144,41 +143,10 @@ export class Page extends PageBase {
     }
 
     // TODO: https://github.com/w3c/webdriver-bidi/issues/443
-    this.#accessibility = new Accessibility({
-      describeNode: (id: string) => {
-        return this.mainFrame().context().sendCDPCommand('DOM.describeNode', {
-          objectId: id,
-        });
-      },
-      getFullAXTree: () => {
-        return this.mainFrame()
-          .context()
-          .sendCDPCommand('Accessibility.getFullAXTree');
-      },
-    });
-
-    this.#tracing = new Tracing({
-      read: opts => {
-        return this.mainFrame().context().sendCDPCommand('IO.read', opts);
-      },
-      close: opts => {
-        return this.mainFrame().context().sendCDPCommand('IO.close', opts);
-      },
-      start: opts => {
-        return this.mainFrame().context().sendCDPCommand('Tracing.start', opts);
-      },
-      stop: async () => {
-        const deferred = Deferred.create();
-        this.mainFrame()
-          .context()
-          .cdpSession.once('Tracing.tracingComplete', event => {
-            deferred.resolve(event);
-          });
-        await this.mainFrame().context().sendCDPCommand('Tracing.end');
-        return deferred.valueOrThrow() as Promise<Protocol.Tracing.TracingCompleteEvent>;
-      },
-    });
-
+    this.#accessibility = new Accessibility(
+      this.mainFrame().context().cdpSession
+    );
+    this.#tracing = new Tracing(this.mainFrame().context().cdpSession);
     this.#coverage = new Coverage(this.mainFrame().context().cdpSession);
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/util.ts b/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/util.ts
index 74ee1486..a1077a58 100644
--- a/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/util.ts
+++ b/packages/puppeteer-core/src/common/util.ts
@@ -574,19 +574,11 @@ export async function getReadableAsBuffer(
   }
 }
 
-/**
- * @internal
- */
-export interface ProtocolReadable {
-  read(opts: {handle: string; size: number}): Promise<Protocol.IO.ReadResponse>;
-  close(opts: {handle: string}): Promise<void>;
-}
-
 /**
  * @internal
  */
 export async function getReadableFromProtocolStream(
-  source: ProtocolReadable,
+  client: CDPSession,
   handle: string
 ): Promise<Readable> {
   // TODO: Once Node 18 becomes the lowest supported version, we can migrate to
@@ -605,11 +597,11 @@ export async function getReadableFromProtocolStream(
       }
 
       try {
-        const response = await source.read({handle, size});
+        const response = await client.send('IO.read', {handle, size});
         this.push(response.data, response.base64Encoded ? 'base64' : undefined);
         if (response.eof) {
           eof = true;
-          await source.close({handle});
+          await client.send('IO.close', {handle});
           this.push(null);
         }
       } catch (error) {